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Strandenaes, T. (1987).
Principles of Chinese Bible Translation: as expressed in five selected version
of the New Testament and exemplified by Mt 5:1-12 adn Col 1. N
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¦³¨Ç¤H¦b¸t¸g¥~§Ë¨Ç°°¸gÄF¥@¤H¡A¨Ò¦p¡G
THE
BOOK OF ABRAHAM ¡V ¨È§B©Ô¨u®Ñ
A PART OF THE
SCRIPTURES USED TODAY BY THE CHURCH OF JESUS CHRIST OF LATTER-DAY SAINTS ¡VTHE
MORMONS.¬O²{¤µC¿q°ò·þ«á´Á¸t®{±Ð·|¡]§Y¼¯ªù±Ð¡^©Ò¨Ï¥Î¸g¤åªº¤@³¡¥÷
BUT
WHERE DID THIS BOOK COME FROM?¦ý¬O¡A³o¥»®Ñ¥Ñ¦ó¦Ó¨Ó¡H
JOSEPH
SMITH, FOUNDER OF THE MORMON CHURCH, CLAIMED TO TRANSLATE IT FROM AN ANCIENT
EGYPTIAN SCROLL THAT HE PURCHASED FROM AN ANTIQUITIES DEALER IN 1835.
´µ±K¬ù·æ¡A¼¯ªù±Ðªº³Ð©l¤H¡A«ÅºÙ¦¹®Ñ«Y¥Ñ¥L¦b1835¦~¦V¤@¦ì¥j¸³°Ó¶R¨Óªº¤@¥÷¥j®J¤Î¯È¨÷½Ķ¦Ó¦¨¡CSMITH
CLAIMED THE SCROLL CONTAINED A LOST BOOK OF ABRAHAM´µ±K¤ó«ÅºÙ¦¹¯È¨÷¥]¨ç¤@¥»¥¢¸¨ªº¨È§B©Ô¨u®Ñ
¡V AN ORIGINAL TEXT NEARLY 4,000 YEARS OLD.¤@¥÷¬ù¥|¤d¦~¤§¤[ªºì©l¤å¥ó
AT
THE TIME, NO ONE IN AMERICA COULD READ ANCIENT EGYPTIAN.¦b¬ü°ê·í®ÉµL¤H·|Ū¥j®J¤Î¤å¡C
BUT TODAY, EGYPTOLOGISTS KNOW EXACTLY WHAT IT SAYS.
¦ý¬O¤µ¤é®J¤Î¥jª«¾Ç®a½Tª¾¥¦¼gªº¬O¤°»ò¡CSO
WHAT WAS THIS ANCIENT SCROLL? ¦¹¥÷¥j¥N¯È¨÷¨ì©³¬O¤°»ò
¡H
THE
STORY BEGINS IN 1833 IN THE EASTERN UNITED STATES, WHEN A MAN NAMED MICHAEL H.
CHANDLER WAS COMMISSIONED TO SELL A COLLECTION OF ANCIENT EGYPTIAN ANTIQUITIES. ¬G¨Æ°_©ó1833¦~¦b¬ü°ê¦è³¡¤@¦ì¦W¬°¿ú±o¼Ö³Á¥iªº¤H¨ü°U¨Ó½æ¤@¨Ç¥j®J¤Î¥j¸³¡C
THE COLLECTION INCLUDED 11 MUMMIES, two PAPYRUS SCROLLS AND SEVERAL SCROLL
FRAGMENTS.¨ä¤¤¦³11¨ã¤ì¤D¨o¡A2¨÷¯È¯ó¨÷¡A¤Î´X±i¯È¯ó¨÷¤ù¬q¡C
THE
ARTIFACTS HAD ORIGINALLY BEEN EXHUMED BY A TOMB RAIDER NAMED ANTONIO LeBOLO IN
THE EARLY 1820s FROM A BURIAL SITE ALONG THE BANKS OF THE NILE RIVER, NEAR THE
EGYPTIAN CITY OF THEBES. ³o¨Ç¤uÃÀ«~ì¥Ñ¤@¦ì¦W¥s¾¤§Bù¦wªF¥§ªºµs¹ÓªÌ¡A¦b1820¦~¥N¦´Á±q¤@Ó¥§Ã¹ªeªu©¤¾aªñ®J¤Î©³¤ñ´µ«°ªº®I¸®³õ«õ±¸¥X¨Ó¡CAFTER
LEBOLO¡¦S DEATH, HIS ESTATE SHIPPED THE ARTIFACTS TO NEW YORK CITY, HOPING THEY
COULD BE SOLD FOR A PROFIT.¦b¾¤§Bù¦º«á,¥Lªº¿ò²£Ä~©Ó¤H±N³o¨Ç¤uÃÀ«~¹B¨ì¯Ã¬ù,
§Æ±æ½æ¿úÀç§Q¡C
Michael
Chandler was apparently acting as an agent for several businessmen in
Philadelphia. ¿ú±o¼Ö³Á¥i©úÅã¦a¦b¶O«°°µ´X¦ì¥Í·N¤Hªº¥N²z¡CAnd
apparently the arrangement was that he was supposed to display and sell these
antiquities as he displayed them, and keep a small commission for himself and
send the remainder of the money back to the businessmen in Philadelphia. ©úÅã¦a¦¹¶µ¦w±Æ¬O¥L·Q®i¥Ü¨ÃÄy®i¥Ü¾P°â¥¦Ì¡A¦Û¤w«O¯d¤@ÂI¤¶²Ð¶O¦A±N¾l´Ú¶×µ¹¦b¶O«°ªº¥Í·N¤H¡COnce
he was out on the road he apparently lost contact with these businessmen, and
was dispensing of the antiquities as he went and keeping all the profits for
himself. ·í¥L¥Xµo«á¥L©úÅã¦a»P³o¨Ç°Ó¤H¥¢¥hÁpµ¸¡A¥u±o¥þ¾a³o¨Ç¥j¸³¨Ã¬°¥L¦Û¤v«O¯d©Ò¦³Ä¹§Q¡CHe
had heard about Joseph Smith the Mormon Prophet and his abilities to translate
languages, and so he wended his way to Kirtland, Ohio and arrived there in July
of 1835.¥LÅ¥»¡¼¯ªù±Ð¥ýª¾´µ±K¬ù·æ©M¥L½Ķ»y¨¥ªº¯à¤O¡A¦]¦¹¥L¨«¦V¤F«X¥è«X¦{ªº¬_¯SÄõ¡A¨Ã©ó1835
¦~7¤ë¨ì¹F¨º¸Ì¡C
CHANDLER¡¦S ARRIVAL IN KIRTLAND WAS DESCRIBED AT THE TIME BY WILLIAM W. PHELPS, A MEMBER OF THE MORMON COMMUNITY, IN A LETTER TO HIS WIFE. ¿ú±o¼Ö¨Ó¨ì¬_¯SÄõ¤@¨Æ¡A´¿¥Ñ·í«Ï¼¯ªù±ÐªÀ°Ï¦¨ûµáº¸»Z«Â·G¦bµ¹¥L©d¤lªº¤@«Ê«H¤¤°Oz¤U¨Ó¡G
Four
Egyptian Mummies were brought here; there were two papyrus rolls beside some
other ancient Egyptian writings with them. ¦³4¨ã¤ì¤D¨o³Q±a¨Ó¦¹¡AÁÙ¦³2ӯȯó¨÷»P¤@¨Ç¨ä¥¦¥j®J¤Î¼g§@¤@°_±a¨Ó¡CAs
no one could translate these writings, they were presented to President Smith. µL¤H¯à½Ķ¨º¨Ç¤å¥ó¡A¥¦Ì³Q®³¥hµ¹´µ±K¬ù·æ·|ªø¬Ý¡CHe
soon knew what they were and said they, the ¡¥rolls of papyrus,¡¦ contained
the sacred record of Joseph in Pharaoh¡¦s court in Egypt, and the teachings of
Father Abraham. ¥L«Ü§Öª¾¹D¥¦Ì¬O¤°»ò¨Ã»¡³o¨Ç¯È¯ó¨÷¥]§t¬ù·æ¦b®J¤Îªk¦Ñ®c®xªº¯«¸t°O¿ý¡A»P¥ý¯ª¨È§B©Ô¨uªº±Ð¾É¡CGod
has so ordered it that these mummies and writings have been brought into the
church.¯«¤w§h©J³o¨Ç¤ì¤D¨o»P¤å®Ñn³Q±a¨ì±Ð·|¡C
JOSEPH
SMITH SAID THAT TO PROPERLY TRANSLATE THE SCROLLS WOULD TAKE SOME TIME. ´µ±K¬ù·æ»¡n¾A·í¦a½Ķ¯È¨÷»Ýn¤@¨Ç®É¶¡¡CBUT
that A FEW OF THE EGYPTIAN FIGURES WERE IMMEDIATELY RECOGNIZABLE TO HIM, ¦ý¬O¤Ö¼Æ®J¤Î¹Ï®×«h¥ß§Y³Q¥L¿ëÃÑ¥X¨Ó¡AAND
HE INTERPRETED THESE FOR CHANDLER.¥L¦V¿ú±o¼Ö½Ķ¡C
CHANDLER THANKED HIM PROFUSELY, ¿ú±o¼Ö¹ï¥L·¥¬°·P¿E¡AAND
SUPPLIED AN AFFIDAVIT ENDORSING SMITH¡¦S SCHOLARSHIP.¨Ãñ¤U¤@¥÷¹ï´µ±K¤ó¾Ç³N¦¨´NªºÁn©ú¡C
TRANSLATION
OF THE PAPYRI COMMENCED ALMOST AT ONCE, ½Ķ¯È¯ó¨÷´X¥G¬O¥ß§Y¶}©lªº¡AWITH
JOSEPH FOCUSING HIS ATTENTION ON ONE OF THE PAPYRUS SCROLLS WHICH HE IDENTIFIED
AS AN ANCIENT RECORD OF ABRAHAM.¬ù·æ±Mª`©ó¨ä¤¤¤@¥ó¯È¯ó¨÷¡A¥L¿ì»{¥X¨º¬O¤@¥ó¥j¥N¨È§B©Ô¨uªº°O¿ý¡C
IT
WAS A REMARKABLE CLAIM. ¨º¬O¤@¶µÅå¤HªºÁn©ú¡CCOULD
ONE OF THESE PAPYRI ACTUALLY BE A LOST RECORD OF THE PATRIARCHAL FATHER OF THE
JEWISH, CHRISTIAN, AND ISLAMIC RELIGIONS? ¨ä¤¤¤@¥÷¯È¯ó¨÷¯uªº¬O¤@¥÷µS¤Ó¤H¡B°ò·þ®{»P¥ì´µÄõ±Ðªº±Úªøªº¿ò¥¢°O¿ý¶Ü¡HAND
DID JOSEPH SMITH REALLY HAVE THE ABILITY OR INSPIRATION TO TRANSLATE FROM
ANCIENT EGYPTIAN? ´µ±K¬ù·æ¬O§_¯uªº¦³Â½Ä¶¥j®J¤Î¤åªº¯à¤O©ÎÆF·P¡HAND
COULD THESE SCROLLS BE WHAT JOSEPH SAID THEY WERE?¦Ó³o¨Ç¯È¯ó¨÷¤S¬O§_¯u¦p¬ù·æ©Ò»¡ªº¨º¼Ë©O¡H
IN
1835 IN AMERICA THERE WAS NO ONE WHO COULD READ ANCIENT EGYPTIAN. 1835¦~¦b¬ü°êµL¤H¯àŪ¥j®J¤Î¤å¡CALL
KNOWLEDGE OF THE LANGUAGE HAD BEEN LOST FOR CENTURIES. ¨º»y¨¥ªºª¾ÃѤw¥¢¶Ç«Ü¦h¥@¬ö¡CONLY
RECENTLY HAD THE FRENCH SCHOLAR JEAN-FRANCOIS CHAMPOLLION MADE A BREAKTHROUGH IN
DECIPHERING THE ANCIENT EGYPTIAN LANGUAGE. ª½¨ì³Ìªñ¦³¦ìªk°ê¾ÇªÌ¿úªi¾¤¯uºÖÄõפ~¦b¸ÑŪ¦¹®J¤Î»y¨¥¤W¦³¤F¬ð¯}¡CTHE
ROSETTA STONE ¡V A TRI-LINGUAL INSCRIPTION IN GREEK, EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPHIC AND
demotic¤@¶ôù¶ë¥L¡]¥§Ã¹ªe¤f¤p«°¤§¦W¡XĶªÌµù¡^¥ÛÀY¤W¨è¦³§Æþ¡B®J¤Î¶H§Î¤å¡B»P³q«U¤å¦r¤TºØ»y¤å¡V
WAS THE KEY WHICH ALLOWED CHAMPOLLION TO UNLOCK ANCIENT EGYPTIAN.¦¨¬°¿úªi¾¤¯à¸ÑŪ¥j®J¤Î¤å¤§Æ_¡CBUT
HIS WORK WAS FAR AWAY FROM THE PIONEERS OF RURAL OHIO.¦ý¬O¡A¥Lªº¤u§@»·¤£¤Î¨º¦ì«X¥è«X¦{ªº¶m¤U¥ýÅXªÌ¡C
BUT
IN HIS DIARY, JOSEPH SMITH CONFIDENTLY RECORDS DOING WHAT NO SCHOLAR IN AMERICA
IN HIS DAY COULD DO¦ý¬O¦b¥Lªº¤é°O¤¤¡A´µ±K¬ù·æ¤jÁx¦a°O¤U¦b¥L·í®Éªº¬ü°ê¨S¦³¾ÇªÌ¯à°µªº¨Æ
¡V TRANSLATING ANCIENT EGYPTIAN SCROLLS.½Ķ¥j®J¤Î¯È¯ó¨÷¡C
THROUGH
THE AUTUMN AND EARLY WINTER OF 1835 JOSEPH continued to WORK ON THE PROJECT, ¾ãÓ1835¦~¬î©Mªì¥V¬ù·æÄ~Äò¥LªºÂ½Ä¶¡AAND
THE MUMMIES AND THE SCROLLS WERE MOVED TO AN UPPER FLOOR ROOM HERE AT THE
KIRTLAND TEMPLE, ¦Ó³o¨Ç¤ì¤D¨o»P¯È¯ó¨÷³Q·h¨ì¬_¯SÅÓ¸t·µ¤@¶¡¼Ó¤W©Ð¶¡¡AWHERE
JOSEPH CONTINUED WORK ON THE TRANSLATION.¬ù·æÄ~Äò¦b¨º»q°µÂ½Ä¶¡C
BUT
THE TRANSLATION PROJECT SOON TAPERED OFF, ¦ý¬O½Ķ¤u§@«Ü§Ö½wºC¤U¨Ó¡AAND
JOSEPH MOVED ON TO OTHER MATTERS RELATED TO LEADING HIS COMMUNITY.¬ù·æÂà¦V¦³Ãö»â¾É¥LªºªÀ¸sªº¨ä¥L¨Æ°È¡C
HE
ESTABLISHED HIS OWN BANK IN KIRTLAND, ¥L¦b¬_¯SÄõ¦¨¥ß¥L¦Û¤vªº»È¦æ¡AAND
ISSUED HIS OWN CURRENCY. ¨Ãµo¦æ¦Û¤vªº³f¹ô¡CBUT,
IN 1838, WHEN THE VENTURE WENT BANKRUPT, JOSEPH FLED KIRTLAND ON HORSEBACK IN
THE MIDDLE OF THE NIGHT AND NEVER RETURNED.
¦ý¬O¦b1838¦~¡A·í¸Ó§ë¾÷¯}²£®É¡A¬ù·æ¦b²`©]ÃM°¨°kÂ÷¬_¯SÄõ¥¼¦A¦^¨Ó¹L¡C
IN
1839 THE MORMON COMMUNITY RELOCATED TO A SMALL TOWN ON THE BANKS OF THE
MISSISSIPPI RIVER KNOWN AS COMMERCE, ILLINOIS. ¦b1839¦~¼¯ªùªÀ¸sÂಾ¨ì¥ì§Q¿Õ¦{ªº±K¦è¦è¤ñªe©¤¤@Ó¦W¥s±d¬Y¤hªº¤pÂí¡CJOSEPH
RENAMED THE TOWN NAUVOO, ¬ù·æ«·s¨úÂí¦W¬°¯Ç©²¡AA
HEBREW WORD MEANING BEAUTIFUL.¬OӧƧBµÜ¦r·N¬°¬üÄR¡C
IT
WAS IN NAUVOO THAT JOSEPH WOULD ACHIEVE HIS GREATEST FAME. ¦b¯Ç©²,¬ù·æÀò±o¥L³Ì°ªÁnÅA¡CHE
WAS THE MAYOR AND HAD HIS OWN MILITIA OF NEARLY 3,000 MEN; ¥L¬O¥«ªø¨Ã¾Ö¦³ªñ3,000¦W¦Û¤wªº¥Á§L¡FAT
THE TIME, THE TOTAL U.S. MILITARY was LESS THAN 9,000.·í®É¥þ¬ü°êx¶¤¤H¼Æ¤Ö©ó9,000¤H¡CAND
THERE WAS EVEN A MOVEMENT UNDER WAY TO NOMINATE JOSEPH FOR THE PRESIDENCY OF THE
UNITED STATES. ·í®É¨Ã¦³¤H¹B§@´£¦W¬ù·æÄv¿ï¬ü°êÁ`²Î¡C
IT
WAS IN NAUVOO THAT JOSEPH FINALLY PUBLISHED HIS TRANSLATION OF THE ABRAHAM
SCROLL. ´N¦b¯Ç©²¡A¬ù·æ²×©ó¥Xª©¤F¥L½Ķªº¨È§B©Ô¨u¯È¯ó¨÷¡CIT
FIRST APPEARED IN 1842 IN THREE INSTALLMENTS OF A MORMON NEWSPAPER CALLED THE
¡§TIMES AND SEASONS.¡¨¥¦©ó1842¦~¤À3¦¸³s¸ü¡Aº¥ý¥Z©ó¤@¥÷¼¯ªù³ø¯È¡u®É¥N»P©u¸`¡v¤W¡C
IT
WAS CALLED ¡§THE BOOK OF ABRAHAM.¡¨ ¥¦³QºÙ¬°¡u¨È§B©Ô¨u®Ñ¡v¡CA
NOTE AT THE BEGINNING INTRODUCED IT AS¦b¤å³¹«e¦³¤@¶µªþµù¤¶²Ð¥¦¬O¡§A
TRANSLATION OF SOME ANCIENT RECORDS THAT HAVE FALLEN INTO OUR HANDS, FROM THE
CATACOMBS OF EGYPT, PURPORTING TO BE
THE
WRITINGS OF ABRAHAM, WHILE HE WAS IN EGYPT, CALLED THE BOOK OF ABRAHAM, WRITTEN
BY HIS OWN HAND, UPON PAPYRUS.¡¨¡u¤@¶µ¹ïì¥X©ó®J¤Î¦a¤U¹Ó¥Þ¡AÁnºÙ¬°¨È§B©Ô¨u¦b®J¤Î¿Ë¤â¼g¦b¯È¯ó¤W¡A³QºÙ¬°¡y¨È§B©Ô¨u®Ñ¡z¡A«á¸¨¤J§Ṳ́⤤ªº¤@¨Ç¥j¥N°O¿ýªºÂ½Ä¶¡v¡C
TODAY,
THE BOOK OF ABRAHAM IS INCLUDED IN A VOLUME OF MORMON SCRIPTURE CALLED ¡§THE
PEARL OF GREAT PRICE.¡¨ ¦p¤µ¡A¡u¨È§B©Ô¨u®Ñ¡v³Q¯Ç¤J¤@¥»ºÙ¬°¡uµL»ù¬Ã¯]¡vªº¼¯ªù±Ð¸g¨å¤¤¡CIT
IS CONSIDERED INSPIRED SCRIPTURE BY THE CHURCH OF JESUS CHRIST OF LATTER-DAY
SAINTS, OF EQUAL AUTHORITY TO THE BIBLE.¥¦³QC¿q°ò·þ«á´Á¸t®{±Ð·|»{¬°¬O»P¸t¸g¦P¼ËÅv«Âªº¨ü¯«·P¥lªº¸g¤å¡C
JOSEPH
SMITH ANNOUNCED THAT HE WOULD PUBLISH ADDITIONAL INSTALLMENTS OF HIS BOOK OF
ABRAHAM, BUT HE NEVER DID. ´µ±K¬ù·æ«ÅºÙ¥LÁÙ·|³s¸ü¥Xª©§ó¦h¡u¨È§B©Ô¨u®Ñ¡vªº¤º®e¡A¦ý¬O¥L¨S°µ¨ì¡CAND
IN JUNE 1844 HE WAS ASSASINATED.©ó1844¦~6¤ë¥L³Qºj±þ¡C
And
a group of Mormon dissidents published a newspaper called the Nauvoo
Expositor,¦³¤@¨Ç¹ï¼¯ªù±Ð¦³²§Ä³¤H¤h¥Xª©¤F¤@¥÷ºÙ¬°¡u¯Ç©²¸Ñ»¡ªÌ¡v³ø¯È¡A
which accused Joseph Smith as Mayor, of taking too much into his own hands, and
there were some references in the Nauvoo Expositor to the notion of plural marriage, ¸Ó³ø«ü±±´µ±K¬ù·æ°µ¥«ªø¡A¤¤¹¡¨pÅn¤Ó¦h¡A¨Ã¦b³ø¤W´£¥X¥L¤@¤Ò¦h©dªº¸ê®Æ¡Aso
as mayor he sent the constabulary to destroy the newspaper. °µ¬°¥«ªøªº¥L´N¬£Äµ¹î·´¤F³øªÀ¡CAnd
the governor brought him into Carthage, Illinois and put him in jail, put him
and his brother in jail and then the governor turned his back and took the
militia and went to Nauvoo to see what was going on in Nauvoo, leaving the jail
unprotected, and then other militia with blackened faces came in and shot him.¦{ªø±N¥L±a¨ì¥ì§Q¿Õ¦{ªº¥d¤Ó©_¡A§â¥L©M¥Lªº§Ì¥S¸m¤JºÊº»¡A¦{ªø±aµÛ¥Á§LÂ÷¶}¨ì¯Ç©²¤@±´¨s³º¡A¨ÏºÊº»²¨©ó¬Ý¦u¡A¦³¨ä¥L¥Á§L»P¶î¶ÂÁyªº¤H¶i¤Jºj±þ¤F¥L¡C
ON
JUNE 27, 1844 HIS CELL WAS STORMED, JOSEPH WAS SHOT, 1844¦~6¤ë27¤é¥Lªºº»©Ð¦³¤FÄÌ°Ê¡A¬ù·æ¤¤ºj¡AAND
AS HE FELL FROM A SECOND FLOOR WINDOW, ·í¥L¥Ñ2¼Óµ¡¤á¼Z¤U®É¡AHE
WAS FIRED UPON NUMEROUS TIMES. ¥L´¿³Q¥´¼Æºj¡CNO
ONE WAS EVER CONVICTED FOR HIS BRUTAL MURDER.¨S¦³¤H©Ó»{¥Ç¤U¹ï¥L´Ý§Ôªº¿Ñ±þ¡C
IN
1846, UNDER THE LEADERSHIP OF BRIGHAM YOUNG, THE MORMONS MADE THEIR HISTORIC
TREK FROM NAUVOO TO THE GREAT SALT LAKE VALLEY. 1846¦~¡A¦b·¨¦Ê¿«»â¾É¤U¡A¼¯ªù±Ð®{°µ¤F¥L̾ú¥v¤Wªº¾E²¾¡A¥Ñ¯Ç©²¾E¦Ü¤jÆQ´ò¤s¨¦¡CAT
THE TIME THIS WAS ISOLATED FRONTIER TERRITORY FAR FROM THE JURISDICTION OF THE
U.S. GOVERNMENT.¦b·í®É¸Ó¦a°Ï¬O©t¥ßªºÃ䶫¡A»·«D¬ü°ê¬F©²ºÞÁÒ¯à¤Î¡C
AND
THOUGH JOSEPH SMITH WAS NO LONGER LEADING THE MORMONS, HIS BOOK OF MORMON,
DOCTRINE AND COVENANTS, AND PEARL OF GREAT PRICE, INCLUDING THE BOOK OF ABRAHAM,
ALL BECAME CANON, INSPIRED SCRIPTURES ON PAR WITH THE OLD AND NEW TESTAMENTS OF
THE BIBLE. ÁöµM´µ±K¬ù·æ¤£¦A»â¾É¼¯ªù±Ð®{¡A¥Lªº¡u¼¯ªù¸g¡v¡B¡u±Ð¸q©M¸t¬ù¡v¡B»P¡uµL»ù¬Ã¯]¡v¨ä¤¤¥]¬A¡u¨È§B©Ô¨u®Ñ¡v³£¦¨©v±Ð¨å½d¡A»{¬°»P¸t¸g·s¬ù¦P¼Ë¬OÆF·P¸g¨å¡C
IN
THE GREAT SALT LAKE VALLEY, THE MORMONS ONCE AGAIN PROVED THEIR ABILITY TO
SETTLE FRONTIER TERRITORY AND BUILD A THRIVING TOWN. ¦b¤jÆQ´ò¤s¨¦¼¯ªù±Ð®{¦A¦¸µý©ú¥L̪º¯à¤O©w©~©óÃ䶫¨Ã«Ø¥ß¤@®yÁcµØ«°¥«¡C
BUT
THE SCROLL JOSEPH SMITH HAD IDENTIFIED AS A LOST BOOK OF ABRAHAM, REMAINED IN
ILLINOIS IN THE POSSESSION OF JOSEPH¡¦S MOTHER, LUCY MACK SMITH AND HIS WIDOW,
EMMA.¦Ó´µ±K¬ù·æ¿ë»{¬°¥¢¸¨ªº¨º¥»¡u¨È§B©Ô¨u®Ñ¡vªº¯È¯ó¨÷«h¤D¯d¦b¥ì§Q¿Õ¦{¡A¬°¬ù·æªº¥À¿Ë´µ±KÅS¦è³Á§J»P¥LªºÄ\°ü·Rº¿©Ò¦³¡C
IN
1856, 12 DAYS AFTER LUCY¡¦S DEATH, EMMA SMITH WHO NOW SEEMED TO HAVE AMBIVALENT
FEELINGS ABOUT HER LATE HUSBAND, SOLD THE PAPYRI TO A MAN NAMED ABEL COMBS.1856¦~¦bÅS¦è¥h¥@«á12¤Ñ¡A´µ±K·Rº¿·í®É¦ü¥G¹ï¦o«e¤Ò¦³¥Ù¬Þ±¡µ²¡A±N¸Ó¯È¯ó¨÷½æµ¹¤@¦ì¦W¥s¬_©i¨È§Bªº¤H¡C
EMMA,
NOW REMARRIED TO A MAN NAMED LEWIS C. BIDAMON, PROVIDED AN AFFIDAVIT ATTESTING
THAT THE ANTIQUITIES HAD BELONGED TO JOSEPH.·Rº¿¡A·í®É¤w¦A¶ùµ¹¤@¦ì¦W¥s²¦¤j»X¿c³òªº¤H¡A¦o´£¨Ñ¤@¶µÃ±¸p¤å¥óµý©ú¦¹¥j¸³ìÄݬù·æ©Ò¦³¡C
TWO
OF THE MUMMIES SOLD TO ABEL COMBS WERE LATER ACQUIRED BY A CHICAGO MUSEUM THAT
WAS DESTROYED IN THE GREAT CHICAGO FIRE OF 1871. ¤G¨ã°âµ¹¬_©i¨È§Bªº¤ì¤D¨o«á¥ÑªÛ¥[ô³Õª«À]¨ú±o¡A¦b1871¦~¦]ªÛ¥[ô¤j¤õ¦Ó¿NÀì¡CIT
WAS ASSUMED THAT THE JOSEPH SMITH PAPYRI HAD ALSO BEEN DESTROYED ¡V ¦]¦¹°²³]´µ±K¬ù·æªº¯È¯ó¨÷¤]¦P®É³QÀìLOST
FOREVER TO THE EMERGING KNOWLEDGE OF EGYPTOLOGY.¨ÏèÅS¥Xªº¥j®J¤Î¾Ç¥Ã»·¥¢¸¨¤F¡C
FROM
EARLY ON, NON-MORMONS WERE DUBIOUS OF JOSEPH¡¦S CLAIM TO HAVE RECOVERED A BOOK
WRITTEN BY ABRAHAM 2,000 YEARS BEFORE CHRIST, AND LOST FOR NEARLY 4,000 YEARS.«Ü¦´N¦³«D¼¯ªù¤H¤h¹ï¬ù·æÁnºÙ¦³¤@¥»¦b°ò·þ¤§«e2,000¦~¥Ñ¨È§B©Ô¨u©Ò¼g¤S¥¢¸¨±Nªñ4,000¦~ªº®Ñ³Q¥Lµo²{¦Ó¥b«H¥bºÃ¡C
A
MAN NAMED WILLIAM WEST, WHO VISITED THE MORMONS IN KIRTLAND AND VIEWED JOSEPH
SMITH¡¦S EGYPTIAN SCROLLS, EXPRESSED HIS DOUBTS IN AN 1837 PAMPHLET.¤@¦ì¦W¬°°¶´µ¯S«Â·Gªº¤H¡A¥L¨ì¬_¯SÄõ³X°Ý¼¯ªù¤H¤h¨Ã¬Ý¹L´µ±K¬ù·æªº®J¤Î¯È¯ó¨÷¡A¦b¤@¥»1837¦~ªº¤p¥U¤l¤¤¡Aªí¹F¤F¥LªºÃhºÃ¡C
IN
1859 A FRENCH EGYPTOLOGIST NAMED THEODULE DEVÉRIA PROVIDED THE FIRST
SCHOLARLY EVALUATION OF THE BOOK OF ABRAHAM.1859¦~¤@¦ìªk°ê¥j®J¤Î¾ÇªÌ¦W¬°}ºû§Æ°e}´£¥Xº«×¹ï¡u¨È§B©Ô¨u®Ñ¡vªº¾Ç³Nµû½×¡C
THE
FOCUS OF DEVÉRIA¡¦S CRITIQUE WAS 3 ILLUSTRATIONS, OR FACSIMILES, THAT
JOSEPH SMITH COPIED FROM HIS EGYPTIAN SCROLLS AND PUBLISHED AS PART OF THE BOOK
OF ABRAHAM. }ºû§Æªºµû½×ª`«¦b´µ±K¬ù·æ¥Ñ¥Lªº®J¤Î¯È¯ó¨÷¤W½Æ»s¨Ã¥Xª©¦b¡u¨È§B©Ô¨u®Ñ¡v¤¤ªº¤TӹϨҩμ±¥»¡CBELOW
EACH OF THE FACSIMILES, JOSEPH PROVIDED HIS EXPLANATIONS OF THEIR MEANINGS. ¦b¨CÓ¼±¥»¤U¬ù·æ´£¥X¥L¹ï¨ä§t·Nªº¸ÑÄÀ¡C
ACCORDING
TO JOSEPH, FACSIMILE 1 DEPICTS AN IDOLATROUS PRIEST ABOUT TO SLAY ABRAHAM ON AN
ALTAR. ¨Ì¬ù·æªº¸ÑÄÀ¹Ï¨Ò1´yø¤@¦ì°¸¹³±R«ôªº²½¥q¥¿n±N¨È§B©Ô¨u±þ¦º¦b²½¾Â¤W¡CAND
IN THE TEXT OF THE BOOK ITSELF, THIS SCENE IS DESCRIBED AND SPECIFICALLY
REFERRED TO.¦b¸Ó®Ñªº¥¿¤å¤¤¹ï¦¹±¡§Î¦³¯S§O´yz¡C
BUT
DEVÉRIA NOTICED THAT THERE WAS SOMETHING WRONG WITH THE PICTURES ¦ý¬O}ºû§Æª`·N¨ì¸Ó¹Ï¤W¦³¨Ç¿ù»~¡V
THEY CLOSELY RESEMBLED SCENES HE HAD COME ACROSS IN COMMON EGYPTIAN BURIAL
DOCUMENTS, ¹Ï¨Ò»P}ºû§Æ¨£¹Lªº³\¦h´¶³q®J¤Î¸®Â§¤å¥ó«Ü¬Û¦ü¡ABUT
SMITH, ACCORDING TO DEVÉRIA, HAD COMPLETELY MISIDENTIFIED THE CHARACTERS
AND THE SCENES.¦ý¨Ì}ºû§Æªº¬Ýªk¬ù·æ³º¥þµM»~¸Ñ¤F¤å¦r»P¹Ï¥Ü¡C
IN
FACSIMILE 1, SMITH LABELED THE STANDING FIGURE ON THE LEFT AS A PRIEST, KNIFE IN
HAND, ATTEMPTING TO SLAY ABRAHAM. ¦b¹Ï¨Ò1¤¤¡A¬ù·æ¼Ð¥Ü¨º¦ì¯¸¦b¥ªÃä¤â«ù¤M·Q±þ¨È§B©Ô¨uªº¤H¬°¤@¦ì²½¥q¡CIN
REALITY, SAID DEVÉRIA, THIS IS THE EGYPTIAN GOD ANUBIS ASSISTING THE
RESURRECITON OF A DECEASED EGYPTIAN. ¨Æ¹ê¤W¡A}ºû§Æ»¡¨º¬O¤@¦ì®J¤ÎJ¯TÀY¯«¥¿¦b¨ó§U¤@¦ì¦º¥hªº®J¤Î¤H´_¬¡¡CANUBIS
ALSO WAS DRAWN INCORRECTLY. J¯TÀY¯«¤]µeªº¤£¹ï¡CHE
SHOULD HAVE BEEN PICTURED WITH THE HEAD OF A JACKAL¥LÀ³µe¤@ÓJ¯TªºÀY
¡V NOT THE HEAD OF A MAN.¦Ó«D¤@Ó¤HªºÀY¡C
JOSEPH
SMITH HAD EXPLAINED ANOTHER OF THE ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE BOOK OF ABRAHAM ´µ±K¬ù·æÁٹ惡¡u¨È§B©Ô¨u®Ñ¡v¤¤¥t¤@¹Ï¨Ò°µ¤F¸ÑÄÀ¡V
CALLED ¡§FACSIMILE 3¡¨³QºÙ¬°´¡¹Ï3
¡V AS ABRAHAM SEATED ON PHARAOH¡¦S THRONE, LECTURING THE ROYAL COURT ON
MATTERS OF ASTRONOMY. »¡¬O¨È§B©Ô¨u§¤¦bªk¦Ñ¤ýªºÄ_®y¤W¡A¦V¤ý®c¶Q±ÚÌÁ¿z¤Ñ¤åª¾ÃÑ¡C
BUT
AGAIN, DEVÉRIA SAID JOSEPH¡¦S EXPLANATION WAS COMPLETELY WRONG. ¦ý¬O}ºû§Æ¦A¦¸»¡¬ù·æªº¸ÑÄÀ§¹¥þ¿ù»~¡CFACSIMILE
3 WAS ALSO A RENDITION OF A COMMON SCENE FROM EGYPTIAN BURIAL DOCUMENTS
DEPICTING A DECEASED MAN BEING LED INTO THE PRESENCE OF OSIRIS, THE EGYPTIAN GOD
OF THE UNDERWORLD.´¡¹Ï3¤]¬O®J¤Î¸®Â§¤å¥óªº¤@ºØ´¶³q±¡´ºªí²{¡A´yø¤@¦ì¦º¥hªº¤H³Q±a¨ì¶øÁɨ½´µ³o¦ì®J¤Î߯«±«e¡C
IN
THE YEAR 1912, FRANKLIN S. SPALDING, THE EPISCOPAL BISHOP OF UTAH, BROUGHT A NEW
ROUND OF SCRUTINY TO THE BOOK OF ABRAHAM WHEN HE ASKED EIGHT NOTED SCHOLARS OF
EGYPTOLOGY TO EVALUATE THE THREE FACSIMILES. 1912¦~µS¥L¦{¥DºÞ¥D±Ð´µ°ö¤BªkÄõ§JªL«·s¹ï¡u¨È§B©Ô¨u®Ñ¡v°µ¤F¥J²Ó¾ß¹î¡A¥L½Ð¤K¦ìµÛ¦W¥j®J¤Î¾ÇªÌ¹ï¨º¤TӹϨҰµµû½×¡CTO
A MAN, THEY AGREED THAT JOSEPH¡¦S EXPLANATIONS WERE ERRONEOUS. SPALDING
PUBLISHED HIS FINDINGS IN A BOOKLET TITLED JOSEPH
SMITH JR. AS A TRANSLATOR.[xiii]
¹ï¦¹¤H¡A¥L̳£¦P·N¬ù·æªº¸ÑÄÀ¬O¿ù»~ªº¡C´µ°ö¤B±N¥Lªºµo²{¥Xª©¬°¤@¥»¤p¥U¤l¡A¦W¬°¡u°µÂ½Ä¶ªÌªº¤p´µ±K¬ù·æ¡v¡C
THE
SCHOLARS AGREED WITH DEVÉRIA¡¦S VERDICT OF 50 YEARS EARLIER. ³o¨Ç¾ÇªÌ¦P·N}ºû§Æ¤¤Q¦~«eªº§PÂ_¡C
THE
NEW YORK TIMES
TOOK NOTE OF SPALDING¡¦S FINDINGS AND ISSUED A BLISTERING TWO PAGE EXPOSÉ
OF THE BOOK OF ABRAHAM IN ITS DECEMBER 29, 1912 EDITION.
1912¦~12¤é29¤é¡u¯Ã¬ù®É³ø¡v¤Þz´µ°ö¤Bªºµo²{¥H2¶½g´T¿E¯P¦a´¦ÅS§åµû¡u¨È§B©Ô¨u®Ñ¡v¡CTHE
MORMON CHURCH COULD NOT REMAIN SILENT IN THE FACE OF THIS WITHERING ATTACK ON
THE CREDIBILITY OF JOSEPH SMITH AND THE BOOK OF ABRAHAM.¼¯ªù±Ð±¹ï³oºØ¹ï´µ±K¬ù·æ»P¡u¨È§B©Ô¨u®Ñ¡vªº·´·À©Ê§ðÀ»µLªk¨HÀq¡C
IT OFFERED ASSURANCES TO THE FAITHFUL IN A 1913 ARTICLE IN ITS¡¦ MONTHLY
MAGAZINE, THE IMPROVEMENT ERA.¥LÌ©ó1913¦~¦b¥L̪º¤ë¥Z¡u¶i¨B«î¥N¡v¤W¥Z¥X¤@±N¹ï³o¨Ç©¾¹ê«Oµýªº¤å³¹¡C
THE
AUTHOR, PROFESSOR JOHN HENRY EVANS, ¨ä§@ªÌ¦ã¤å¬ù¿«¦ë§Q±Ð±ÂARGUED
IT WASN¡¦T FAIR TO JUDGE THE CREDIBILITY OF JOSEPH¡¦S BOOK BY ONLY REVIEWING
THE REPRODUCED FACSIMILES. ÅGºÙ¶È¥u¬Ý½Æ»sªº´¡¹Ï´N§PÂ_¬ù·æªº®Ñªº¥i«H«×¬O¤£¤½¥ªº¡CEVANS
INSISTED THAT TO DO ANY REASONABLE CRITIQUE WOULD REQUIRE ACCESS TO THE ORIGINAL
DOCUMENTS THEMSELVES.
¦ã¤å°í«ùYn°µ¥ô¦ó¦X²z§åµû¥²¶É³ì¦Òì©l¤å¥ó¡C
BUT
THE ORIGINAL JOSEPH SMITH PAPYRI WERE GONE ¦ý¬Oì©lªº´µ±K¬ù·æ¯È¯ó¨÷¤w¥¢¸¨¡V
ALMOST SURELY DESTROYED IN THE GREAT CHICAGO FIRE OF 1871.
OR WERE THEY?´X¥G½T©w¤w¦b1871¦~ªÛ¥[ô¤j¤õ¤¤³QÀì¡C¤£µM¥¦Ì¦ó¦b¡H
BUT
IN THE SPRING OF 1966 A DRAMATIC DISCOVERY WAS MADE RIGHT HERE IN NEW YORK AT
THE METROPOLITAN MUSEUM OF ART. ¦ý¬O¦b1966¦~¬K¤@¶µÀ¸¼@©Êªºµo²{´Nµo¥Í¦b¯Ã¬ù¤j³£·|ÃÀ³N³Õª«À]¡CTHE
CURATOR OF THE MUSEUM¡¦S DEPARTMENT OF EGYPTIAN ANTIQUITIES ³Õª«À]ªº®J¤Î¥jª«³¡ºÞ²z¤H¡V
DR. HENRY G. FISCHER¶O³·¦ë§Q³Õ¤h
¡V APPROACHED A VISITING RESEACHER FROM THE UNIVERSITY OF UTAH ¨«¦V¤@¦ì¥ÑµS¥L¤j¾Ç¨Óªº³X°Ý¬ã¨sªÌ¡V
PROFESSOR AZIZ S. ATIYA ¦ã´£¨È¦ã¤é³Õ¤h¡V
WITH A STARTLING ANNOUNCEMENT°µ¤F¤@¶µÅå¤Hªº«Å§G:
THE MUSEUM HAD IN IT¡¦S ARCHIVES ELEVEN PAPYRUS FRAGMENTS THAT HAD ONCE
BELONGED TO MORMON FOUNDER JOSEPH SMITH!¦¹³Õª«À]¦¬Â䤾֦³ìÄݼ¯ªù±Ð³Ð¥ßªÌ´µ±K¬ù·æªº11¶ô¯È¯ó¨÷¤ù¡C
FISCHER DIDN¡¦T KNOW HOW THE MORMON CHURCH LEADERS WOULD REACT TO THIS NEWS AND HE WAS LOOKING FOR AN INTERMEDIARY.
¶O³·¤£ª¾¹D¼¯ªù±Ð»â¾É¤H·|¹ï¦¹®ø®§¦³¦óºØ¤ÏÀ³¡A©Ò¥H§äÓ¨ó½Õ¤H¡CHE WONDERED IF DR. ATIYA, ¥L¤£ª¾¦ã´£¨È³Õ¤hA RESPECTED NON-MORMON
FROM SALT LAKE CITY, ¤@¦ì¥ÑÆQ´ò«°¨Óªº«D¼¯ªùWOULD ASK THE MORMON CHURCH LEADERS IF THEY WOULD BE INTERESTED IN ACQUIRING
THE PAPYRI.¬O§_Ä@·N°Ý¼¯ªù±Ð»â³S¥L̬O§_¦³¿³½ì¨ú¦^³o¨Ç¯È¯ó¤ù¡C
NEGOTIATIONS
BETWEEN THE METROPOLITAN MUSEUM AND THE MORMON CHURCH PROCEEDED¤j³£·|³Õª«À]»P¼¯ªù±Ð¶¡¤£Â_¨ó°Ó,
AND ON NOVEMBER 27, 1967 THE MUSEUM PRESENTED THE ANCIENT SCROLLS TO THE CHURCH.
²×©ó1967¦~11¤é2¦¹³Õª«À]±N¨º¨Ç¥j¥N¯È¯ó¨÷®³µ¹±Ð·|¡C
AN
ARTICLE IN THE DESERET NEWS OF SALT
LAKE CITY ANNOUNCED THE GIFT OF ELEVEN PAPYRUS FRAGMENTS, LONG BELIEVED TO HAVE
BEEN DESTROYED IN THE CHICAGO FIRE OF 1871. ¦bÆQ´ò«°¡u¼wºM«ß·s»D¡v¦³¤@½g³ø¾É¦¹¶µ¦³Q»{¬°¦b1871¦~ªÛ¥[ô¤j¤õ¤¤³QÀ쪺11¤ù¯È¯óªºÃØ»P¡CWITH
THE PAPYRI WAS THE ORIGINAL 1856
LETTER
SIGNED BY THE MORMON PROPHET¡¦S WIDOW, EMMA SMITH, CERTIFYING THAT THE
DOCUMENTS HAD BELONGED TO JOSEPH SMITH.¨Ã¦P®É¥Z¥X1856¦~¦³´µ±K·Rº¿¦¹¦ì¼¯ªù¥ýª¾Ä\°üñ¦Wµý©ú¸Ó¤å¥óìÄÝ´µ±K¬ù·æªº«H¡C
BUT
DID THESE ELEVEN FRAGMENTS INCLUDE THE SCROLL JOSEPH SMITH IDENTIFIED AS A LOST
BOOK OF ABRAHAM? ¦¹11¤ù¯È¯ó¬O§_¥]¬A´µ±K¬ù·æ©Ò¿ëÃѪº¥¢¸¨ªº¡u¨È§B©Ô¨u®Ñ¡v¨÷©O¡HIF
SO, THERE WOULD FINALLY BE AN OPPORTUNITY TO VINDICATE HIS MIRACULOUS CLAIM OF
HAVING DISCOVERED AND TRANSLATED A DOCUMENT FROM THE FATHER OF JUDAISM,
CHRISTIANITY, AND ISLAM.¦pªG¦³¡A¨º²×©ó¦³¾÷·|¨Óµý©ú¥L¤£¥i«äijªºÁn©ú¡A§Y¥L´¿µo²{¨Ã½Ķ¤@¶µ¥ÑµS¤Ó¤H¡B°ò·þ®{»P¥ì´µÄõ±Ð®{ªº¥ý¯ª¦Ó¨Óªº¤å¥ó¡C
OF
COURSE, THERE WAS ALSO THE POSSIBILITY OF UNDERMINING THAT CLAIM.·íµM¤]¥i¯à¦³¾÷·|·´·l¨º¶µÁn©ú¡C
THE
SAINTS WAITED EXPECTANTLY, AND HELD THEIR BREATH.¸t®{Ì«Ì®§´Á«ÝµÛ¡C
JOSEPH
SMITH HAD DICTATED HIS TRANSLATION OF THE ORIGINAL PAPYRI TO HIS SCRIBES IN THE
1830¡¦S. ´µ±K¬ù·æ¦b1830¦~¥N¦V¥Lªº®Ñ°O̤fz½Ķì©l¯È¯ó¨÷¡CIT
WAS IMPORTANT TO IDENTIFY WHETHER OR NOT THE PAPPYRI FOUND IN THE 1960S WERE THE
SAME ONE¡¦S HE USED DURING THIS PROCESS.n¿ë»{©ó1960¦~¥N§ä¨ìªº¯È¯ó¨÷¬O§_»P¥L½Ķ®É©Ò¥Î¬Û¦P¬O«nªº¡C
THE
FIRST CLUE WAS THE MOST OBVIOUS. ²Ä¤@Ó½u¯Á«Ü©ú½T¡CTHE
TORN PICTURE FOUND IN ONE OF THE FRAGMENTS WAS AN IDENTICAL MATCH TO THE
FAMILIAR PICTURE IN THE BEGINNING OF THE BOOK OF ABRAHAM. ¨ä¤¤¤@¤ù¤¤¦³Ó¯}·lªº¹Ï¥¿¦n»P©Ò¼ô´·ªº¡u¨È§B©Ô¨u®Ñ¡v¶}©lªº¹Ï§¹¥þ§k¦X¡CIN
FACT, THE TEARS ON THE ORIGINAL CORRESPONDED EXACTLY TO WHERE THE BOOK OF
ABRAHAM DRAWING SEEMED TO GO AWRY.¨Æ¹ê¤W¡Aì¹Ï¦U¼¹µõ³B¥¿»P¡u¨È§B©Ô¨u®Ñ¡v¤§¹Ï¬Û²Å¦Ó²¤¦³¿ù»~¡C
THE
BOOK OF ABRAHAM ITSELF MENTIONS THAT THIS SCENE APPEARED ¡§AT THE COMMENCEMENT
OF THE RECORD¡¨ ¡u¨È§B©Ô¨u®Ñ¡v¤¤´£¨ì¸Ó¹Ï¥X²{©ó¡u¦¹°O¿ýªº¶}©l¡v¡V
IN OTHER WORDS, ´«¨¥¤§¡AAT
THE BEGINNING OF THE SCROLL.
´N¬O¯È¯ó¨÷ªº¶}©l³B¡CEGYPTIAN
READS FROM RIGHT TO LEFT, ®J¤Î¤å¥Ñ¥k¦V¥ªÅª¡AAND
JOSEPH SMITH, WHO WAS AT THE TIME STUDYING HEBREW, WHICH ALSO READS FROM RIGHT
TO LEFT,·í®É´µ±K¬ù·æ¥¿¦b¾Ç§Æ§BµÜ¤å¤]¬O¥Ñ¥k¦V¥ªÅª¡A
MUST HAVE SURMISED THIS. ¥²µM²q¨ì¦¹ÂI¡CIT
SEEMED CERTAIN THAT THIS PIECE WAS THE BEGINNING OF THE SCROLL USED BY JOSEPH
SMITH.¬Ý¨Ó©ú½T¦¹¯È¯ó¤ù¬O´µ±K¬ù·æ¥Î¨Ó°µ¶}©lªº¡C
THEN,
ANOTHER DISCOVERY.
¨ä¦¸¬O²Ä¤G¶µµo²{¡CA
SEQUENCE OF CHARACTERS ON A SECOND PIECE OF PAPYRUS MATCHED EXACTLY A STRING OF
CHARACTERS WRITTEN IN THE LEFT COLUMN OF THE TRANSLATION MANUSCRIPTS.¦b²Ä¤G¤ù¯È¯ó¤W¦³¤@¬q¤å¦r»P¼g¦b½Ķ¤â½Z¥ª°¼¤@¦ê¤å¦r§¹¥þ¬Û²Å¡C
IT
APPEARED THAT, AT JOSEPH¡¦S DIRECTION, HIS SCRIBES COPIED THESE CHARACTERS FROM
THE PAPYRUS ONE BY ONE. ¦ü¥G¬O¦b¬ù·æªº«ü¥Ü¤U¡A¥Lªº®Ñ°O̥ѯȯó¤W±N¤å¦r³v¤@§Û¤U¡CJOSEPH
THEN DICTATED THE MEANING, OR TRANSLATION, OF EACH ONE ¬ù·æµM«á¹ï¨CÓ¦r¤fz·N«ä©Î½Ķ¡V
OFTEN WHOLE PARAGRAPHS FROM A SINGLE HIERATIC CHARACTER.³q±`¥Ñ¤@Ó¶H§Î¦r½¦¨¤@¾ã¥y¡C
WHEN
DR. KLAUS BAER, PROFESSOR OF EGYPTOLOGY AT THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO, EXAMINED
THE PAPYRI FRAGMENTS, ·~ªÛ¥[ô¤j¾Ç±Ð±Â«ôº¸§J©Ô³Õ¤hÀ˵ø¦¹¯È¯ó¨÷®É¡AHE
DETERMINED THAT THIS SAME PIECE HAD AT ONE TIME BEEN ATTACHED TO THE PIECE
CONTAINING FACSIMILE 1 ¥L§P©w¦¹¤ù¯È¯ó´¿»P¦³´¡¹Ï1¨º¤ù¬Û³s¡V
THE FIBERS AND EDGES MATCHED EXACTLY.ÅÖºû»PÃä½t³£§¹¥þ±µ¦X¡C
A
THIRD PIECE WAS FOUND WHICH INCLUDED, THE SAME NAME ¡V ²Ä¤T¤ù³Q§ä¨ì¦³¬Û¦P¦W¦r
¡§HORUS¡¨¡u¶P¸ô´µ¡v
¡VWRITTEN IN THE PUBLISHED VERSION OF FACSIMILE 3. ¼g¦b¥Xª©ªº²Ä3´¡¹Ï¤¤¡CALTHOUGH
THE FACSIMILE 3 PICTURE WAS NEVER FOUND, ÁöµM²Ä3´¡¹Ï¥¼¯à§ä¨ì¡AIT
IS AT THE END OF THE BOOK OF ABRAHAM, ¥¦¬O¦b¡u¨È§B©Ô¨u®Ñ¡vªºµ²§À¡AAND
IS ALSO VERY FAMILIAR SCENE. ¡B¥¦¤]¬O¬°¤H¼ô´·ªº±¡´º¡CTOGETHER,
THESE FOUR PIECES FORM VIRTUALLY THE ENTIRE SCROLL IN ITS ORIGINAL FORM.³o¥|¤ù¨Æ¹ê¤Wºc¦¨¦¹¯È¯ó¨÷ªºì©l±¡§Î¡C
FINALLY,
SCHOLARS COULD MEET THE CONDITIONS SET FORTH BY JOHN HENRY EVANS WAY BACK IN
1913.³Ì«á¡A¾ÇªÌ̤w¯àÁÙì¨ì1913¦~¦ã¤å¬ù¿«¦ë§Q·í®Éªº±¡§Î¡C
NO LONGER WOULD THE CRITIQUE OF THE ACCURACY OF THE BOOK OF ABRAHAM RELY ON THE
FACSIMILES ALONE.
¹ï¡u¨È§B©Ô¨u®Ñ¡vªºµûÂ_¤w¤£¥²¶È¾a´¡¹Ï¡CNOW
EGYPTOLOGISTS COULD READ THE PAPYRI FOR THEMSELVES, ¦p¤µ¥j®J¤Î¾ÇªÌ¤w¯à¦Û¤wŪ¦¹¯È¯ó¡AAND
SEE WHETHER THEY CONTAINED THE STORY OF AN EVIL PRIEST¡¦S ATTEMPT TO SACRIFICE
ABRAHAM ON AN ALTAR, OR AN ACCOUNT OF CREATION BY A MULTIPLICITY OF GODS.¨Ã¬Ý¬Ý¥¦Ì¬O§_¥]¬A¤@¦ì¨¸´c²½¥q¸Õ¹Ï±N¨È§B©Ô¨uÄë©Ê©ó²½¾Âªº¬G¨Æ¡A©Î¥Ñ²³¯«³Ð¥@ªº°O¿ý¡C
IN 2001 DR. ROBERT RITNER, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR OF THE EGYPTOLOGY AT THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO, WAS COMMISSIONED TO DO A COMPLETE TRANSLATION OF THE BOOK OF ABRAHAM SCROLL.2001¦~ªÛ¥[ô¤j¾Ç¥j®J¤Î¾Ç°Æ±Ð±Â¹p¯S¥§Ã¹§B³Õ¤h¨ü©e°U¹ï¦¹¡u¨È§B©Ô¨u®Ñ¡v¯È¯ó¨÷°µ¥þ³¡Â½Ä¶¡C
Dr.
Robert Ritner¹p¯S¥§Ã¹§B³Õ¤hªº»¡©ú:
What this document really is, is an extended prayer on behalf of a deceased
Egyptian priest which begins with an invocation to the god of mummification
probably. ¦¹¤å¥ó¨ì©³¬O¤°»ò¡A¥¦¬O¬°¤@¦ì¦º¥h®J²½¥qªºº©ªøë§i¡A¥i¯à¬O¦V¤ì¤D®J¤Æ¤§¯«¶}±ÒªºÃ«¤å¡CCertainly
with a picture of the god of mummification to ensure his continued existence, to
ensure the priest¡¦s continued existence in the next world. ©ú½T¦a¦³¤@¦ì¤ì¤D¨o¤Æªº¯«ªº¹Ï¹³¡A¥H½T¨Ï¥LÄ~Äò¦s¦b¡A¨Ã½T¨Ï¦¹²½¥q¦b¥t¤@¥@¬ÉÄ~Äò¦s¦b¡CAnd
then it¡¦s followed up by a series of statements whereµM«á¦³¤@¨t¦Cªº±Ôz¦p,
¡¥Oh, deified Horus, ¾¾¡A¯«¸tªº¶P¸ô´µmay
you walk as you had done in lifeÄ@§A¦p¦b¥@¯ë¦æ¨«,
may your ears functionÄ@§Aªº¦Õ¯àÅ¥,
may your eyes functionÄ@§Aªº²´¯à¬Ý,
may the gods receive you.¡¦Ä@¯«±µ¯Ç§A¡C
Long series of
invocations on this. ¦p¦¹Ãþªø¦ê¬èë¡CEssentially
insuring that this dead priest is able to function in death as he had in life.«ÂI¦b½T¨Ï¦¹¦º¥h²½¥q¦b¦º«á¯à¦p¬¡µÛ¯ë¦³¥\¯à¡Cbut
now as part of a company of the ancient Egyptian gods. Abraham
is not mentioned once.¦ý¦b¥j¥N®J¤Î²³¯«¤¤¨Ã¥¼¤@¦¸´£¤Î¨È§B©Ô¨u¡C
From
the evidence that we have today, ¥Ñ§Ú̲{¤µ©Ò±o¨Æµý¡Ait¡¦s
quite safe to say that Joseph Smith did not have the Book of Abraham or the Book
of Joseph in front of him in the form of these papyri¥i¥H«Ü¦w¥þªº»¡´µ±K¬ù·æ¨Ã¥¼¨ã¦³¡u¨È§B©Ô¨u®Ñ¡v©Î¡u¬ù·æ®Ñ¡vªº¯È¯ó¨÷
because they bear no relationship to the contents of the stories or to his
translation.¦]¬°¦¹¯È¯ó¨÷»P¥Lªº¬G¨Æ©Î½Ķ¨S¦³Ãö«Y¡C
WE
WANTED TO GET AN OFFICIAL MORMON EXPLANATION OF HOW THE CHURCH TODAY UNDERSTANDS
THE BOOK OF ABRAHAM. §ÚÌ·Q±o¨ì¦¹±Ð·|¤µ¤é¦p¦ó¹ï¡u¨È§B©Ô¨u®Ñ¡vÁA¸Ñªº¥¿¦¡¼¯ªù±Ð¸ÑÄÀ¡CHOWEVER,
THE CHURCH OF JESUS CHRIST OF LATTER DAY SAINTS DECLINED OUR REQUEST FOR AN
INTERVIEW.µM¦ÓC¿q°ò·þ«á´Á¸t®{±Ð·|©Úµ´§Ú̪º³X°Ý¡CMICHAEL
PURDY OF THE CHURCH¡¦S PUBLIC AFFAIRS DEPARTMENT DID REFER US TO THIS BOOK BY
MORMON EGYPTOLOGIST JOHN GEE¸Ó±Ð·|¤½¦@¨Æ°È³¡ªº¥¬}³Á§J½T´¿±ÀÂˤ@¥»¥Ñ¼¯ªù¥j®J¤Î¾ÇªÌ¦N¬ù¿«ªº®Ñn§Ú̬Ý
[A Guide to the Joseph Smith Papyri´µ±K¬ù·æ¯È¯óªí«ü¤Þ.
(Provo,
UT: Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies, 2000)µS¥L¦{´¶Ã¹§·¡G¥j¥N¬ã¨s»P¼¯ªù±´¨s°òª÷·|¡A2000¦~].
DR.
GEE PUTS FORTH THE POSITION THAT OTHER THAN THE ORIGINAL OF FACSIMILE 1, THE
JOSEPH SMITH PAPYRUS FRAGMENTS GIVEN TO THE CHURCH IN 1967 WERE, ¡§NOT THE
PORTION OF THE PAPYRI THAT CONTAINED THE TEXT OF THE BOOK OF ABRAHAM.¡¨ ¦N³Õ¤h±Ä¨ú¥t¤@ºØ«º¶Õ¡A»¡¦bì´¡¹Ï1¥H¥~¡A1967¦~¥æµ¹±Ð·|ªº¯È¯ó¨÷¨Ã«D¥]¨ç¡u¨È§B©Ô¨u®Ñ¡v¥¿¤åªº¯È¯ó¨÷¡CHE
CLAIMS THE SCROLL JOSEPH USED WAS ORIGINALLY 10 FEET LONG, ¥L«ÅºÙ¬ù·æ¥Îªº¯È¯ó¨÷즳10§`ªø¡AAND
THAT THERE WAS A LARGE SECTION THAT IS NOW MISSING, THAT MAY HAVE CONTAINED THE
LOST BOOK.¨ä¤¤¤@¤jºI¿ò¥¢¤F¡A¨ä¤¤¥i¯à¥]¬A¦¹¥¢¸¨ªº®Ñ¡C
Dr.
Robert Ritner¹p¯S¥§Ã¹§B³Õ¤h:
There¡¦s certainly no reason that this particular book of breathing scroll
should be expanded much beyond the surviving length. ¹ê¦b¨S¦³²z¥Ñ¦¹®Ý®Ý¦p¥Íªº¯È¯ó¨÷·|¤ñ²{¦sªø«×ªø«Ü¦h¡CI¡¦ve
now read the entire document from the beginning to end and made out what one
could make out on the poor copy of the final vignette. §Ú¤w±N¦¹¤å¥ó«ÀY¨ì§ÀŪ§¹¨Ã§ä¥X¦ó¥H¦³¤H·|°µ¥X¨º»ò®tªº¤å³¹¡CThe
most that is missing from this text is simply two columns worth of Egyptian
hieratic.
¸Ó¥¿¤å³»¦h¥¢¥h®J¤Î¶H§Î¤å¦r2¦æ¡C
And possibly a
small vignette. ¤j·§¤@¤p¬q¤å¦r¡CBut
other than that, there would be nothing more that would inflate its length much
beyond its current size. °£¦¹¤§¥~¡AµLªk¦A´N¥¦²{¦³ªø«×¦A¿±µÈ¤Ó¦h¡CIt
is both unprecedented and unreasonable to assume that an intrusive text about a
completely different matter ¡V a narrative history of Abraham and his
descendents ¡V would have been inserted into a document whose beginning, middle
and end is devoted specifically to the resurrection of an Egyptian priest.¦b¤@¥÷¯S§OÄm©ó¤@¦ì®J¤Î²½¥qªº´_¬¡ªº¤å¥ó°_©l¡B¤¤¶¡©Îµ²§À³B´¡¤J¤@¬q¨È§B©Ô¨u©M¥L«á¸Ç̾ú¥v±Ôz¡A§Y°²³]´¡¤J¤@¬q²@¤£¬Û¤zªº¤å¦r¬O¬JÄݪūe¤]¨S¦³²z¥Ñªº¡CIt
would disrupt the document. ³o·|§Ë¶Ã¤å¥ó¡CIt
would have nothing to do with its content. ¥B»P¥¦ªº¤º®eµLÃö¡CIt
would be unprecedented and no other document would have such a thing. ³o±N·|¬OªÅ«eªº¡A¹L¥h±q¥¼¦³³oºØ¨Æ¡CAnd
the narrative style of the Book of Abraham does not correspond to Egyptian
verbiage. ¦Ó³oºØ¡u¨È§B©Ô¨u®Ñ¡v¦¡±Ôz§Îªº«¬¦¡¤]¤£¶m²Å®J¤Î¤å¦r·®æ¡CIt¡¦s
not the kind of thing that Egyptians would say and they would not say it in that
way. ®J¤Î¤H¤£·|»¡¨ººØ¨Æ¤]¤£·|¥Î¨ººØ¤è¦¡¨¥»¡¡CAnd
it certainly would never appear in such a context as this. ¥¦¹ê¦b¤£·|¥X²{¦b¨ººØ¤å³¹¤¤¡CIt
couldn¡¦t possibly be more out of place.¥i¯à¬O¤ÓÂ÷ÃФF¡C
ANOTHER
MORMON SCHOLAR, MICHAEL D. RHODES OF BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY, ¥t¤@¦ì·¨¦Ê¿«¤j¾Çªº¼¯ªù¾ÇªÌù¼w³Á¥iWRITING
IN THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF MORMONISM,
ARGUES THAT JOSEPH SMITH MAY HAVE RECEIVED THE BOOK OF ABRAHAM BY DIRECT
REVELATION FROM GOD AND ONLY USED THE PAPYRI TO ILLUSTRATE WHAT HE LEARNED FROM
REVELATION.¦b¡u¼¯ªù±Ð¸q¦Ê¬ì¥þ®Ñ¡v¤¤ÅGºÙ¡A´µ·æ¬ù·æ¥i¯àª½±µ¥Ñ¯«±Ò¥ÜÀò±o¡u¨È§B©Ô¨u®Ñ¡v¡A¥u¬O¥Î¯È¯ó¨÷¨Ó¥Ü½d¥L¥Ñ±Ò¥Ü¤¤©Ò¾Ç¨ìªº¡C
RHODES
WRITES, ù¼w¼g¹D¡§¡KWHEN
STUDYING THE EGYPTIAN PAPYRI PURCHASED FROM MICHAEL CHANDLER, ·í¬ãŪ¦V¿ú±o¼Ö³Á¥i¶R¨Óªº¯È¯ó¨÷®É¡AJOSEPH
SMITH SOUGHT REVELATION FROM THE LORD CONCERNING THEM AND RECEIVED IN THAT
PROCESS THE BOOK OF ABRAHAM. ´µ±K¬ù·æ¦V¥D¨D°Ý´M¨D±Ò¥Ü¦ÓÀò±o¡u¨È§B©Ô¨u®Ñ¡v¡CHE
MIGHT THEN HAVE SEARCHED THROUGH THE PAPYRI IN HIS POSSESSION TO FIND
ILLUSTRATIONS SIMILAR TO THOSE HE HAD LEARNED BY REVELATION.¡¨ ¥L¥i¯à´¿¦b©Ò¾Ö¦³ªº¯È¯ó¨÷¤¤´M§ä»P¥L¦b±Ò¥Ü¤¤¾Ç¨ì¬Û¦üªº¨Òµý¡C
Now
days it seems popular to say that, well, Joseph Smith didn¡¦t claim to be
translating, he just saw these illustrations and then was inspired with the text
of the Book of Abraham. ²{¦b¬y¦æ»¡´µ±K¬ù·æ¨S»¡Â½Ä¶¡A¥L¥u¬O¬Ý¨ì³o¨Ç¨Òµý¨Ã¥Ñ±Ò¥Ü±µ¨ü¡u¨È§B©Ô¨u®Ñ¡v¡CBut
it doesn¡¦t say in Joseph Smith¡¦s diary he kept at the time he was looking
the pictures or the illustrations and then was inspired to give to give a story
that we now know as the Book of Abraham, but rather, that he was translating
these characters.¦ý¬O¦b·í®É´µ±K¬ù·æªº¤é°O¤¤¨Ã¨S»¡¥L¬O¬ÝµÛ¨º¨Ç¹Ï»P¨ÒµýµM«á¦]±Ò¥Ü»¡¥X§Ú̲{ª¾ªº¡u¨È§B©Ô¨u®Ñ¡vªº¡A¤Ï¦Ó¥L¬O½Ķ³o¨Ç¤å¦r¡C
From
the Diary of Joseph Smith¥Ñ´µ±K¬ù·æªº¤é°O:
This afternoon I labored on the Egyptian alphabet, in company with brothers
Oliver Cowdery and W. W. Phelps, and during the research, the principles of
astronomy as understood by father Abraham ¡K¤µ¤Ñ¤U¤È§Ú»P¦Ò¼w¨½¶ø§Q¦ò¤Îµáº¸»Z§Ì¥S¤@¦P°µ®J¤Î¤å¦r¸ÑŪ¡A¦b¬ã¨s¤¤³Q¥ý¯ª¨È§B©Ô¨u»P¥j¥N¤H©ÒÁA¸Ñªº¤Ñ¤å¾Çì²z¡K..
This
afternoon I re-commenced translating from the ancient records ¡K³oÓ¤U¤È§Ú¦A«×¶}©l¥Ñ¦¹¥j¥N°O¿ý¤¤Â½Ä¶¡K.
I
returned home and spent the day in translating the Egyptian records ¡K§Ú¦^¨ì®a¾ã¤Ñ½Ķ¨º®J¤Î°O¿ý¡K.
Spent
the forenoon instructing those that called to inquire concerning the things of
God in the last days ¡K¤W¤È¥Î¦b±Ð¾É¨º¨Ç»X¥l¨ÓÃö¤ß¯«¦b¥½¥@¨Æ¤uªº¤H¡K.
MICHAEL
RHODES, OF BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY, ALSO CLAIMS IN THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF MORMONISM ·¨¦Ê¿«¤j¾ÇªºÃ¹¼w³Á¥i¤]¦b¡u¼¯ªù±Ð¸q¦Ê¬ì¥þ®Ñ¡v¤¤«ÅºÙTHAT
JOSEPH SMITH¡¦S EXPLANATIONS OF THE FACSIMILES ARE ACCURATE: QUOTE, ´µ±K¬ù·æ¹ï´¡¹Ïªº¸ÑÄÀ¬O¥¿½Tªº¤Þz¡§¡KTHE
PROPHET¡¦S EXPLANATIONS OF EACH OF THE FACSIMILES ACCORD WITH PRESENT
UNDERSTANDING OF EGYPTIAN RELIGIOUS PRACTICES.¡¨¡u¥ýª¾¹ï¨CÓ´¡¹Ïªº¸ÑÄÀ³£²Å¦X²{¥N¹ï®J¤Î©v±Ð±Ð»öªºÁA¸Ñ¡v¡C
Dr. Robert Ritner¹p}ù§B³Õ¤hªº¸Ü: I want to be absolutely clear on this. §Ú¹ï¦¹nµ´¹ï³¯²M¡CThere simply is no justification for the kind of interpretations that appear in Facsimile 1 or Facsimile 3. ¹ï´¡¹Ï1»P3ªº¸ÑÄÀ¹ê¦bµL¥i¦Û¶ê¨ä»¡¡CThey are wrong with regard to the hieroglyphs¥¦»P¶H§Î¤å¸q¤£²Å¡CThey are wrong with regard to the gender.¦b©Ê§O¤W¤]¤£¹ï¡C They are wrong with regard to the understanding of what the scene actually represents. ¥¦»P±¡´ºªº¯u¥¿ªí²{§t¸q¤£²Å¡CAnd where they are used in the body of the text, they are wrong there as well. ¦b¤Þ¥Î¨ì¥¿¤å®É¤]¿ù¤F¡CIn short, there is no historical validity for the interpretations in that book. ²¨¥¤§¡A¨º®Ñ¤¤ªº¸ÑÄÀ¨S¦³¾ú¥vªº¥¿½T©Ê¡CNone whatsoever.µL½×¦p¦ó³£¨S¦³¡C
But
the thing about that that¡¦s interesting is that none of those theories in the
Church existed, no one ever talked about them, no one even thought them until
after, that is the post-November 1967 time period where people are coming up
with new explanations.¦³½ìªº¬O¨º¨Ç²z½×¤£´¿¦b¨º±Ð·|¦s¦b¹L¡A¨S¦³¤H´£¹L¬Æ¦Ü·Q¨ì¹L¡Aª½¨ì1967¦~11¤ë¥H«á¤H̤~¦³¤F·sªº¸ÑÄÀ¡C
When
one looks at the evidence simply with common sense it becomes clear that Joseph
Smith claimed that he was translating from these documents, ·í¤@Ó¤H¬Ý¨Æ¹ê«Ü²³æ±`ÃÑ´N²M·¡´µ±K¬ù·æ«ÅºÙ¥L¥Ñ³o¨Ç¤å¥ó°µÂ½Ä¶¡Abut
in fact there is no correlation between his Book of Abraham and these ancient
documents. ¦ý¨Æ¹ê¤W³o¨Ç¥j¥N¤å¥ó»P¥Lªº¡u¨È§B©Ô¨u®Ñ¡v¤§¶¡¨S¦³Ãö«Y¡CAnd
therefore it simply can¡¦t be a translation. ¦]¦¹¥¦¤£¬O½Ķ¡CAll
of the other explanations have grown up in order to sort of put the finger in
the dyke, as it were, to prevent the dyke from breaking.
©Ò¦³·Q¥Xªº¨ä¥¦¸ÑÄÀ¦³¦p±N¤â«ü¶ë¦í³ö¨¾¥H§K³ö¨¾±Y¼ì¤@¼Ë¡CBut
the clear evidence is that Joseph Smith did not translate this document.
²M·¡ªº¨Æ¹ê¬O´µ±K¬ù·æ¨S¦³Â½Ä¶¨º¤å¥ó¡CIt¡¦s
not a document from antiquity.¨º¤£¬O¥Ñ¥jª«¨Óªº¤å¥ó¡C
THE
FOUNDATION FOR ANCIENT RESEARCH AND MORMON STUDIES ¥j¥N¬ã¨s»P¼¯ªù±´¨s°òª÷·|¡V
²ºÙ¬°F.A.R.M.S.--F.A.R.M.S.
¡V SPECIALIZES IN THE DEFENSE OF THE MORMON SCRIPTURES. ¯S§O¬°¼¯ªù±Ð¸g¤åÅGÅ@¡CWE
WANTED TO INTERVIEW THEIR EXPERTS ON THE BOOK OF ABRAHAM, §ÚÌ·Q³X°Ý¥L̪º±M®a̹ï¡u¨È§B©Ô¨u®Ñ¡vªº¬Ýªk¡ABUT
THEY DID NOT RESPOND TO OUR REPEATED REQUESTS FOR AN INTERVIEW.¦ý¬O¥L̹ï§Ṳ́@¦Aªº½Ð¨D¤£¦^À³¡C
ÁÙ¦³¨ä¥¦°°¸g¥i°Ñ¦Ò¡G
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